Signal processor

ABSTRACT

Decoders A and B decode MPEG-2 bitstreams A and B. A switch (S 1 ) switches from decoded stream A to decoded stream B to achieve a splice. The resulting bitstream is re-encoded in an encoder  4 . A new transitional GOP is defined beginning at the splice. The new GOP is defined by picture type decision rules which may have the effect of changing the GOP compared to the GOPs of streams A and B. The new GOP provides an initial prediction of the position in stream B where the occupancy value of stream C should coincide with that of B. A target for the new number of bits in the new GOP is calculated as the sum of the normal allocation of bits for the new GOP plus the difference between the occupancy value of stream C at the splice and a prediction of the occupancy of stream B at the predicted position. The occupancy value of stream C is controlled in accordance with the target so that it tends towards the occupancy value of stream B at the predicted position. 
     The target is updated regularly throughout the GOP on I and P frames. After the first update at the beginning of the transitional GOP, the target changes at the updates nominally by an amount VBV — diff which is the difference between occupancy of bit stream B on the current I or P frame and the occupancy at the next I or P frame. If VBV-diff is negative, the amount of change is limited to a limit value. The maximum value of the limit may be exceeded only once and the limit is then set to zero. The excess of VBV — diff over the limit is a value reduction — carry. Reduction carry is monitored, and if at the end of the transitional GOP it exceeds a threshold (e.g. zero), another transitional GOP is started. If VBV — diff is negative but does not exceed the limit, the target is reduced by VBV — diff and the limit is reduced by a proportion of VBV — diff. If VBV — diff is positive, then VBV — diff is averaged out over the target values for the remaining I and P frames in the GOP.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a signal processor. The invention concerns, joining referred to herein as splicing, digital bit streams which are compressed. Embodiments of the invention described herein are concerned with splicing digital video bitstreams which are compressed according to the MPEG-2 standard.

2. Description of the Prior Art

The invention and its background will be discussed by way of example with reference to MPEG-2 video bitstreams. However the invention is not limited to MPEG-2.

MPEG-2 is well known from for example ISO/IEC/13818-2, and will not be described in detail herein. Splicing of video is well known. It is used in editing video. Splicing analogue signals is relatively straight forward and can be done at the boundary between adjacent frames, because each analogue frame contains the whole of the video information of that frame independently of other frames. (Splicing can be done similarly in the digital domain for both compressed and uncompressed video data if all frames contain the whole video information of the frame.) MPEG-2 compressed video comprises groups of I, P and/or B frames known as GOPs, Groups of Pictures. I, P and B frames are well known. An I or Intra-encoded frame contains all the information of the frame independently of any other frame. A P frame in a GOP ultimately depends on an I frame and may depend on other P frames. A B frame of a GOP ultimately depends on an I-frame and may depend on P frames in the GOP. A B frame must not depend on another B frame.

A GOP typically comprises 12 or 15 frames comprising at least one I frame and several P and B frames. To correctly decode a GOP requires all the frames of the GOP, because a large part of the video information required to decode a B frame in the GOP is in a preceding and/or succeeding frame of the GOP. Likewise a large part of the video information required to decode a P frame is in a preceding frame of the GOP.

Thus if two different bit streams are spliced together in the compressed domain, the information necessary to decode frames each side of the splice point is likely to be lost.

Many papers have been written concerning the splicing of compressed bitstreams, which is a well known problem in MPEG. A paper “Flexible Switching and editing of MPEG-2 Video Bitstreams” by P. J. Brightwell, S. J. Dancer and M. J. Knee was published in “Atlantic Technical Papers 1996/1997” the preface to which is dated September 1997.

The paper discusses the problems of splicing MPEG-2 Video Bitstreams. Two bitstreams A and B to be spliced are decoded in respective decoders. A coder is switched from the decoder of A to the decoder of B at the splicing point. It discloses that near a splicing point where a bitstream A is replaced by a bitstream B, the following modifications are made.

“The picture type may be changed to provide a more suitable refresh strategy around the switch point. In the example below, the first P-frame in bitstream B after the switch is converted to an I-frame to provide a full refresh early in the new scene. Also, bitstream A contains an I-frame just before the switch point—as this is unnecessary, it is recoded as a P-frame to save bits.

Switch point Bitstream A: P B B I | . . . Bitstream B: . . . | B P B B P B B P Modified P B B P | B I B B P B B P

Prediction modes and motion vectors may require modification to take into account any changes in the picture type on recoding, or to prevent any predictions being made across the switch on recoding. In the example above, mac rob locks that originally used forward or bi-directional prediction for the B-frame following the switch point will be recoded using intra mode and backward prediction respectively. In addition, vectors are required for the I-frame that is recoded as a P-frame—these can be estimated from the vectors in surrounding frames, or taken from I-frame concealment vectors that many MPEG-2 bitstreams carry.

The quantisation parameters will be changed as part of the recoder's rate control strategy. As in a conventional coder, this aims to control the buffer trajectory of a downstream decoder to prevent under- or overflow, and to maintain the picture quality as high as possible. In addition, the rate control algorithm for the ATLANTIC switch uses the vbv_(—)delay values in bitstreams A an B (which are carried in the info-bus) to make the buffer trajectory for the switched bitstream identical to that for bitstream B (i.e. the one being switched to) at some future time. Depending on the relative vbv_(—)delay values, this may happen soon after the switch, or a recovery period of a few GOPs may be required. When it has been achieved, the recoder's quantisation parameters are locked to those of bitstream B, and the switch becomes transparent.

The quantisation parameters may also be changed to take advantage of effect know as temporal masking. This refers to the eye's inability to see moderate or even large amounts of noise around a scene change—typically 5 dB of degradation in the frame after the switch cannot be seen—and allows the number of bits used for the frames very close to the switch point to be reduced, allowing a shorter recovery period.”

“Vbv-delay values” are measures of the number of bits in the buffer of the down stream decoder. The manner in which the “buffer trajectory” for the switched bitstream is made identical to that for bitstream B is not disclosed in the paper. It has been found in experiments by the present inventors that splicing bitstreams which have very large differences in VBV-delay values is problematic.

It is desirable to make the buffer trajectory for the switched bit stream identical to that for the bitstream B (referred to herein as VBV_(—)lock) even where the difference between the vbv-delay values of the streams is large.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention, there is provided a signal processor for splicing a compressed bitstream B₀ to a compressed bitstream A₀, comprising

-   -   a decoder for decoding the bitstreams A₀ and B₀, a switch         coupled to the decoder for producing a spliced bitstream S,         comprising data from bitstream B₀ spliced to data from bitstream         A₀, at a splice point, an encoder for re-encoding the spliced         bitstream S to form a re-encoded spliced bitstreamC for supply         to a downstream decoder having a downstream buffer, wherein the         encoder is controlled over a transitional region so that the         occupancy of the downstream buffer varies over the transitional         region from the occupancy of bitstream A₀ to the occupancy of         bitstream B₀ according to a trajectory in which the rate of         change or occupancy is limited to a predetermined maximum rate.     -   By limiting the rate of change of occupancy, and preferably by         limiting the maximum change made at predetermined intervals, the         downstream buffer neither under- nor over-flows. Furthermore         limiting the rate of change more evenly distributes the bits         over the transitional region. In the preferred embodiments of         the invention in which the data carried by the bitstreams is         compressed video, the even distribution of bits creates a         consistent signal to noise ratio across the transitional region.     -   It is also desired to determine whether VBV lock is achieved or         not at the end of the transitional region and whether to extend         the transitional region if VBV lock has not been achieved or has         not been achieved precisely

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a signal processor for splicing a compressed bitstream B₀ to a compressed bitstream A₀, each bitstream comprising groups (GOPS) of I, and P and/or B frames comprising

-   -   decoder for decoding the bitstreams A₀ and B₀,     -   a switch coupled to the decoder for producing a spliced         bitstream S, comprising data from bitstream B₀ spliced to data         from bitstream A₀ at a splice point (SPLICE), and     -   encoding means encoder for re-encoding the spliced bitstream S         to form a re-encoded spliced bitstream C for supply to a         downstream decoder having a downstream buffer, wherein     -   the encoder is controlled over a transitional region so that the         occupancy of the downstream buffer varies over the transitional         region from the occupancy of bitstream A₀ to the occupancy of         bitstream B₀,     -   the transitional region includes a transitional GOP extending         from the splice point and of a length which is an initial         prediction of the point in bitstream B₀ at which the occupancy         of re-encoded spliced bitstream C equals that of bitstream B₀,         and occupancy is changed at regular intervals in the GOP         according to a trajectory so as to make the occupancy of         re-encoded spliced bitstream C equal to that of bitstream B₀ by         the end of the GOP,     -   a limit is applied to a change according to the trajectory which         increases occupancy, and the amount by which a change would         exceed the limit (if it were not limited) is compared at the end         of the GOP with a threshold and, if it exceeds the threshold,         the transitional region is extended.

By monitoring the amount (reduction_(—)carry) by which a change would exceed the limit and comparing it to the threshold, the encoding means can determine when VBV_(—)lock is achieved or not. This allows lock to be achieved with large differences in occupancy between the bitstreams A and B. Preferably, if the limit is not exceeded, the limit is progressively reduced as the GOP proceeds. That prevents large changes at the end of the GOP. Preferably, if a change reduces occupancy, it is averaged (carry_(—)over) over the remainder of the GOP to offset any increases which may occur later in the GOP. In an embodiment, if lock is not exactly achieved stuffing bits are added to the transitional GOP to achieve precise lock.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a time chart illustrating the splicing of a bitstream B₀ to a bitstream A₀ in accordance with a first example of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a portion R of the chart of FIG. 1 in more detail;

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of an illustrative signal processor according to the present invention and operating as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIG. 4 is a time chart illustrating the splicing of a bitstream B₀ to a bitstream A₀ in accordance with a second example of the present invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates a portion R of FIG. 4 in more detail;

FIG. 6A is a schematic block diagram of an illustrative signal processor according to the invention and operating as illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5;

FIG. 6B shows a modification of FIG. 6A;

FIG. 7 shows illustrative GOPs in display order and the application of illustrative picture type decisions;

FIG. 8 shows the GOPs of FIG. 4 in processing order;

FIGS. 9 to 11 show illustrative values of VBV occupancy; and

FIGS. 12A, B and C are a flow diagram illustrating an example of modification of occupancy in the transitional region.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Transcoding Parameters

I frames have the following transcoding parameters which are well known in MPEG.

DCT_(—)Type, Q and Q_(—)Matrix which are reused in embodiments of the present invention described hereinbelow. These parameters are reused in the recoding of I frames with reuse of parameters.

P and B frames have the parameters DCT_(—)Type, Q, Q_(—)Matrix, Pred_(—)Type, MB_(—)Mode and Motion Vectors. These parameters are reused in the recoding of P and B frames with reuse of parameters. These parameters are recalculated when fully recoding all frames.

FIRST EXAMPLE

Referring to FIGS. 1, 3 and 7, two bitstreams A₀ and B₀ are MPEG-2 encoded with GOPs comprising 12 frames. In this example the bitstreams A₀ and B₀ have the same GOP structure: IBBPBBPBBPBB

as shown in FIG. 7. However the bitstreams may have any other GOP structure allowed by MPEG-2. The two bitstreams A₀ and B₀ may have different GOP structures. For ease of explanation it is assumed the bitstreams A₀ and B₀ have the same GOP structure as shown in FIG. 7.

It is desired to replace bitstream A₀ by bitstream B₀. As shown in FIG. 1, initially A₀ is provided to the processor. It is routed in the processor P of FIG. 3 from input A₀ to contact A₀ of switch Si where it is fed, unchanged to, for example, a downstream decoder 2. In decoder 2 it is decoded for display. Downstream decoder 2 may be in, for example, a domestic television receiver. Processor P may be in a studio.

When an operator decides to splice bitstreams B₀ and A₀, the operator operates the switch S1 and a switch S2 so that A₀ is routed through decoder A, encoder 4 and via contact C of switch S1 to the downstream decoder 2.

The bitstream A₀ is decoded in decoder A and re-encoded in encoder 4. The MPEG-2 parameters are derived from the decoder A by a control processor 6 and re-used in the encoder 4, so that the decoding and re-encoding is as loss-less as possible. (There may be some loss because the DCT rounding process can cause the DCT process to be not transparent.)

Before the splice point, bitstream B₀ is also decoded in decoder B.

The processor P has sufficient storage (not shown) associated with decoders A and B to store for example 30 compressed frames.

A splice point SPLICE is chosen. At the splice point switch S2 selects the decoder B and decoded bitstream B is fed via the encoder 4 to the contact C of switch S1. In the example of FIGS. 1 and 7, full recoding, that is without re-use of the MPEG parameters, begins on the bitstream A₀ 5 frames before the splice point SPLICE. The reason for this will be explained below. After the splice, bitstream A₀ is irrelevant except that some frames of A₀ after the splice may be needed to decode frames of A₀ occurring before the splice.

After the splice point SPLICE, the bitstream B₀ is fully recoded for a transition period during which VBV_(—)lock is achieved as will be explained below. Once VBV_(—)lock is achieved, recoding of bitstream B₀ continues but with re-use of the MPEG parameters derived from the original bitstream B₀.

After a short interval of recoding of B₀ with re-use of the MPEG parameters, switch S1 selects contact B₀ and thus the original bitstream B₀, by-passing the decoder B and encoder C.

SECOND EXAMPLE

Referring to FIGS. 4, 6A and 7, two first generation (Gen1) bitstreams A₀ and B₀ are MPEG-2 encoded with GOPs comprising 12 frames. In this example the bitstreams A₀ and B₀ have the same GOP structure: IBBPBBPBBPBB

as shown in FIG. 7. However the bitstreams may have any other GOP structure allowed by MPEG-2. The two bitstreams A₀ and B₀ may have different GOP structures. For ease of explanation it is assumed the bitstreams A₀ and B₀ have the same GOP structure as shown in FIG. 7.

It is desired to replace bitstream A₀ by bitstream B₀. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 6A, initially A₀ and B₀ are decoded in decoders 1 and 3. The decoded bitstreams are recoded in recoders 9 and 10 as second generation (Gen2) bitstreams A_(I) and B_(I). When decoding and recoding A₀ and B₀ as A_(I) and B_(I), the MPEG parameters of all frames of the original bitstreams A₀ and B₀ are retained in association with the recoded corresponding frames of A_(I) and B_(I). I frames of A₀ and B₀ are recoded as I frames of the bitstreams A_(I) and B_(I) using the same parameters they had in A₀ and B₀. P and B frames of A₀ and B₀ are recorded as I frames in A_(I) and B_(I) but their original MPEG parameters are retained. The MPEG parameters are retained in the recoded bitstream A_(I), B_(I) as, for example, user data.

When an operator decides to splice the recoded bitstreams B_(I) and A_(I), the operator operates the switch S2 so that A_(I) is routed to a store 12 up to the splice point and B_(I) is routed to the store 12 after the splice point, so that store 12 stores the spliced bitstream A_(I)/Bi with a splice point between the a frame of A_(I) and a frame of B_(I).

The spliced bitstream A_(I)/B_(I) is decoded to base band and re-encoded in an encoder 4 as a third generation bitstream (Gen3) GOP C of the form shown in FIG. 7.

In a preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 6B the bitstreams are stored in respective stores 14 and 16 upstream of the switch S2 before they are spliced. The spliced bitstream A_(I)/B_(I) is stored in another store 12. The stores 14, 16 and 12 may be digital Video Tape Recorders, disc recorders and/or I frame servers for example.

Referring to FIG. 4 the splice point SPLICE is indicated. At the splice point switch S2 switches from, for example, bitstream A_(I) to bitstream B_(I). When the spliced bitstreams are to be re-encoded they are fed to the encoder 4. In the example of FIGS. 4,6 and 7, full recoding, that is without re-use of the MPEG parameters, takes place in a transition region beginning on the bitstream A_(I) 5 frames before the splice point SPLICE. The reason for this will be explained below.

Before the beginning of the transition region (i.e. more than 5 frames before SPLICE) the bitstream A_(I) is recoded reusing the MPEG parameters derived from the original bitstream A₀.

After the splice point SPLICE, the bitstream B_(I), is fully recoded for the remainder of the transition period during which VBV_(—)lock is achieved as will be explained below. Once VBV_(—)lock is achieved, recoding of bitstream B_(I), continues but with re-use of the MPEG parameters derived from the original bitstream B₀.

The spliced and recoded bitstream C produced by processor P and encoder 4 are fed to a downstream decoder 2 where the bitstream C is decoded for display for example. Downstream decoder 2 may be in, for example, a domestic television receiver. Processor P may be in a studio.

In FIGS. 6A and 6B the spliced bitstream A_(I)/B_(I) is stored in the I-frame store 12 before being recoded. A marker marking the splice point is recorded in the bitstream, for example in the user bits.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 4, for both the first and second examples there is a transitional region which includes the splice point SPLICE during which the occupancy for the bitstream C is controlled to prevent under- and over-flow of the buffer of the downstream decoder 2.

The methods of control discussed in the following discussion apply equally to both examples. However, it will be appreciated that:

a) in the first example it is the original bitstreams A₀ and B₀ which are being re-encoded by the encoder 4; whereas b) in the second example it is the I frame bitstreams A_(I) and B_(I) which are being re-encoded by the encoder 4.

However, the re-encoding of the frames of the bitstreams A_(I) and B_(I) is dependent on corresponding frames of the bitstreams A₀ and B₀ from which they are derived. Thus, in the following reference is made only to the frames of the original bitstreams A₀ and B₀. The following discussion applies to the frames of the bitstreams A_(I) and B_(I) which correspond to the frames of the bitstreams A₀ and B₀, with the result that the effect of recoding is the same as if the bitstream had not been re-coded as I frames (apart from some losses due to the additional recoding and decoding to and from I frames).

Picture Type Decision

The splicing of bitstream B₀ to bitstream A₀ disrupts the GOP structure. Thus the following rules are applied.

The bit stream, in this example A₀, before the splice, is recoded so that:

(1) the last ‘I’ or ‘P’ frame before the splice is converted to ‘P’;

(2) if the last frame before the splice is a ‘B’ frame, it is converted to ‘P’.

The bitstream, in this example B₀, after the splice is recoded so that:

(3) the first ‘I’ or ‘P’ frame after a splice is converted to ‘I’; and

(4) if the first GOP after the splice and after the application of rule (3) contains less than three ‘P’ frames, the ‘I’ frame of the subsequent GOP is converted to ‘P’, thereby changing the length of the GOP. In this example the GOP is lengthened.

A new transitional GOP begins with an I-frame immediately after the splice, and the new GOP is made longer than preceding (and succeeding) GOPs in the bitstream B₀. The new GOP is in effect a prediction of where VBV_(—)lock is to be achieved. The application of these rules is shown in FIG. 7 at (1), (2), (3) and (4).

In FIG. 7

-   -   A is bitstream A₀,     -   B is bitstream B₀, and     -   C is the spliced bitstream at output C of encoder 4 as if the         picture type decisions have not been made, and     -   C¹ is the spliced bitstream at output C of encoder 4 with the         picture type decisions applied to it.

By application of rule (2), the ‘B’ frame of A₀ immediately before the splice is converted to P. By application of rule (1) the I frame of A₀ before the splice is also converted to P.

By application of rule (3), the first ‘P’ frame of stream B₀ after the splice is converted to I in stream C¹.

By application of rule (4), the GOP of bitstream B₀ after the splice has (after conversion of its first P frame to I) less than 3 ‘P’ frames. Therefore the next ‘I’ frame is converted to ‘P’. Application of these rules gives a GOP which defines a predicted VBV_(—)lock point as will be discussed below.

Rule 4 may be changed to (4¹).

(4¹) If the first GOP after the splice contains only one ‘P’ frame, the frame types of the next GOP are altered from ‘I’ to ‘P’ and ‘P’ to ‘I’ to give two ‘P’ frames in a GOP. This results in two shorter GOPs between the splice point and VBV_(—)lock.

Processing Order

FIG. 7 shows the frames of the bitstreams in the order in which they are displayed or would be displayed. FIG. 8 shows the order in which the frames are processed. For example, referring to FIG. 7 (Display Order) frame 0, 1 and 2 of bitstream A are shown in that order. Even though the B frames 0 and 1 would be displayed before I frame 2, they depend on I frame 2 to be decoded. Thus to decode them I frame 2 must precede the B frames as shown in FIG. 8. Likewise B frames 3 and 4 of FIG. 7 depend on P frame 5 of FIG. 7; thus in FIG. 8 P frame 5 of FIG. 7 becomes P frame 3 preceding the two B frames.

Constant bit rate

The example of the processor P of FIG. 3 or 6A or 6B, has a constant bit rate. The bitstreams A₀ B₀ have a fixed bit rate and the encoder 4 produces at output C a constant bit rate.

Downstream Decoder and Buffer

The downstream decoder 2 has a buffer 8. The encoding which takes place in encoder 4 of the processor is arranged so that the buffer 8 of the downstream decoder 2 neither underflows nor overflows. FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 show the operation of the downstream buffer 8 of the downstream decoder 2.

(The encoder 4 has a corresponding buffer and it operates as the inverse of what is shown in FIGS. 9, 10 and 11.)

The following are known MPEG rate control parameters.

VBV

VBV is virtual buffer verifier. It is a measure of the number of bits that would be in the downstream buffer 8.

Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP

This is a target number for the total number of bits for the remainder of the current GOP. At the beginning of a GOP it is a target for the whole GOP. It reduces as the GOP progresses.

Complexity X, constants Kp, Kb and N, Np, Nb

Np is the number of pictures in a GOP.

Nb is the number of P frames remaining in a GOP.

Nb is the number of B frames remaining in a GOP.

Kp and Kb are ‘universal’ estimates dependent on quantisation matrices. They (indirectly) define the relative sizes of I, P and B frames.

Xi, Xp, Xb are “complexity measures” for I, P and B frames.

These parameters are used in a known manner to distribute the bits of a GOP amongst I, P and B frames.

They are further explained in “Test Model 5” published by “International Organisation for Standardisation Organisation Internationale De Normalisation Coded Representation of Picture and Audio Information ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11/N0400”.

Achieving VBV_(—)Lock

As discussed above, the downstream buffer must neither underflow nor overflow. In MPEG-2 the buffer is normally kept approximately half-full. A discontinuity in the bit stream can make the buffer underflow or overflow. VBV is the measure of buffer occupancy.

FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 show, as an extreme case, buffer occupancy VBV for two bitstreams A₀ and B₀. A₀ has a typical occupancy and B₀ has unusually high occupancy.

In the situation where the bitstream begins with A with typical occupancy, and B with high occupancy is spliced onto A at the splice point, it is necessary to provide, after the splice point, a transitional GOP or GOPs which:

a) provides continuity, albeit changing, of VBV occupancy; and

b) changes the VBV occupancy from the value of stream A just before the splice to a target value which is the value of VBV for stream B.

As shown in FIGS. 9, 10 and 11, the VBV of bit stream C begins identical to A, then changes progressively towards the VBV of B.

The point at which the VBV occupancy of C becomes identical to that of stream B is the VBV_(—)lock point.

As mentioned above FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 show occupancy of the downstream buffer 8. To achieve VBV_(—)lock the encoder 4 is controlled as follows.

Methods of Achieving VBV Lock

a) Picture Decision Rules

The methods use the picture decision rules (1) to (4) above.

b) Complexity

For the system of FIG. 3 stream A is decoded and re-encoded before the splice. Thus encoding occurs with complexity values appropriate to stream A. However, these values are not appropriate for stream B. Thus before the splice, complexity values X_(i), X_(P), X_(B) of the I, P and B frames of stream B immediately before the splice are calculated based on X=S.Q

-   -   where X=complexity value     -   S=number of bits generated by encoding picture     -   Q=average quantisation parameter of all macroblocks in a         picture.     -   X=S.Q is a standard equation for rate control in MPEG.

For the system of FIG. 6, because the bitstreams to be spliced A_(I) and B_(I), comprise only I-frames, the complexity estimates are derived as follows:

a) for P and B frames from the first generation transcoding parameters (which have been retained in association with the frames) of the I frames of the bitstream B_(I), after the splice point; and

b) for the I-frames from any I-frame of stream B_(I), after the splice point. Preferably, the I-frame chosen is one which will be recoded as an I-frame in stream C.

These frames may be available at the splice point due to the 3-frame re-ordering delay. Otherwise a 3-frame delay may be provided.

In both systems, at the splice point these complexity values replace the existing values (of stream A). So after the splice complexity values appropriate to stream B are used. As discussed above, in the system of FIG. 6, the complexity values are derived from the stream B after the splice point.

The complexity values control the distribution of bits amongst I, P and B frames. Achieving good subjective quality is dependent on the complexity values.

c) Virtual Buffers Modification

The virtual buffers are used to calculate the reference Q scale for each macroblock. Improvement in quality can be gained by setting the virtual buffers to estimated stream B values at the splice point. This ensures that the resulting Q scales are similar to those used in stream B in the previous generation, instead of continuing with stream A Q scales.

For the system of FIG. 3 stream B virtual buffer values are estimated for the last I, P and B frames before the splice point, based on Q.

For the I frame, the value is calculated as: estimated_(—)buf_(—)i=(Q*bit_(—)rate)/(31*frame_(—)rate).

Q is the average quantisation parameter.

This value is then forced at the splice point.

This is also done for the P and B virtual buffers in same way.

For the system of FIG. 6 because the bitstreams to be spliced A_(I) and B_(I) comprise only I-frames, the virtual buffer estimates are derived using the value estimated_(—)buf_(—)i set out above but deriving its value as follows:

a) for P and B frames from the first generation transcoding parameters (which have been retained in association with the frames) of the I frames of the bitstream B_(I). after the splice point; and

b) for the I-frames from any I-frame of stream B_(I) after the splice point. Preferably, the I-frame chosen is one which will be recoded as an I-frame in stream C.

The frames are available because they are stored, for example for the purpose of reordering the frames.

The encoding in encoder 4 is controlled in accordance with Remain-bit-GOP, between splice and VBV_(—)lock so that the occupancy of the downstream buffer 2 follows a continuous but changing trajectory from before the splice at bitstream A occupancy to VBV_(—)lock at the bitstream B occupancy. The control is also used to force the complexity and virtual buffers as described above. The control which does that is a ‘rate control’ and is known in for example from the paper “Test Model 5” mentioned above.

d) Adjust Remain bit GOP.

In order to increase occupancy of the downstream buffer as shown in FIG. 9, the buffer in the encoder is controlled in accordance with Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP to output pictures with smaller numbers of bits, so that its occupancy decreases. Pictures with smaller numbers of bits are produced by increased compression/coarser quantisation.

If the trajectory is from high occupancy of the downstream buffer to lower occupancy of the downstream buffer, the encoder is controlled in accordance with the higher Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP to increase occupancy of its buffer, producing larger pictures by less compression/finer quantisation.

Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP is the target for the number of bits remaining in the GOP.

The length of the transitional GOP is known from the result of adjusting the GOP length using the picture decision rules (1) to (4) above.

Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP is adjusted in the following way. It is reduced after every frame by the number of bits used to encode that frame as is normal in MPEG2. In addition referring to FIGS. 12 A, B and C, it is updated at the start of the transitional GOP and on every I or P frame therein as described with reference to FIGS. 12 A to C.

At the splice point, Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP is set to the normal allocation of bits for the transitional GOP defined by the picture decision rules, the allocation being preferably reduced by the factor α, a variable carry_(—)over is set to zero and a variable reduction_(—)carry is set to zero. [Step S1]. (Carry_(—)over is a positive value of VBV_(—)diff averaged over the remaining I and P frames of the GOP and reduction_(—)carry is the excess of VBV_(—)diff over the reduction_(—)limit)

A variable Reduction_(—)limit is initially set to minus (bitrate*remain_(—)num_(—)total*max_(—)red_(—)%)/(frame_(—)rate)

where remain_(—)num_(—)total is the number of frames remaining in the GOP, and

max_(—)red_(—) % is a number chosen empirically representing the desired maximum reduction in bit rate allowed during the transitional GOP. [StepS2]. Reduction_(—)limit represents the maximum amount by which the bit rate may be reduced at any update on an I or P frame.

VBV_(—)diff for the start of the transitional GOP is calculated as (VBV_(—)C splice)−(VBV_(—)B_(—)next_(—)I or P)

i.e. as the difference between the VBV value of bit stream C at the splice point and the VBV value of the bitstream B at the immediately following I or P frame. [Step S31].

It is to be appreciated that reduction_(—)limit is a negative number in this example. Also steps S1, S2 and S31 set up initial values used only at the start of the transitional GOP.

Referring to step S4, step S4 determines whether the initial value of VBV_(—)diff at the start of the GOP is positive or negative as calculated by step S31. If the update is taking place on an I or P frame not at the start of the GOP then VBV_(—)diff is calculated by step S32 as VBV_(—)diff=(VBV_(—)B_(—)Current I or P)−(VBV_(—)B_(—)next I or P)+reduction_(—)carry.

That is VBV_(—)diff is updated by the difference between the current VBV value of the bitstream B and the next VBV_(—)value (on an I or P frame) plus any reduction_(—)carry.

Updates then take place in the following way which applies equally to the start of the GOP and to subsequent updates on an I or P frame.

VBV_(—)diff positive at Step S4. (See FIG. 12B)

If VBV_(—)diff is positive, then step S5 increments the variable carry_(—)over by

(VBV_(—)diff)/(number of I or P frames remaining in the GOP) and step S6 increments Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP by carry_(—)over. Thus steps S5 and S6 average positive values of VBV_(—)diff over the remaining I and P frames in the GOP. On each occasion there is a positive VBV_(—)diff Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP is incremented by carry_(—)over.

Step S7 sets reduction_(—)limit to: (Reduction_(—)limit-carry_(—)over)*(next_(—)remain_(—)num_(—)total)/(remain_(—)num_(—)total) where next_(—)remain num total is the number of frames remaining in the GOP at the next update (at an I or P frame) including the next I or P frame and remain_(—)num_(—)total is the number of frames remaining in the GOP including the current frame. That is the negative value reduction_(—)limit is increased by carry_(—)over because the positive change in Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP allows a bigger change in VBV at a subsequent update.

-   -   Step S8 sets reduction_(—)carry to zero: reduction_(—)carry is         recalculated at each update on an I or P frame to avoid         accumulation of its values.

VBV_(—)diff negative at Step S4. (See FIG. 12B).

If VBV_(—)diff is negative at step S4, then at step S10, the variable carry_(—)over (which is the cumulative averaged positive value of VBV_(—)diff from previous updates calculated at step S5) is added to VBV_(—)diff to produce a new value of VBV_(—)diff. That is carry_(—)over is added to VBV_(—)diff to make it less negative thus allowing a correspondingly bigger change to occur in Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP because more bits are available. The result as tested at step S11 is that the new value of VBV_(—)diff may be more or less negative than reduction_(—)limit which is the maximum change allowed in Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP.

If the new value of VBV_(—)diff is more negative than reduction_(—)limit then Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP is reduced by reduction_(—)limit [step S15]. Reduction_(—)carry is calculated at step S16 as the excess of the new value of VBV_(—)diff over the reduction_(—)limit. Once reduction_(—)limit has been exceeded in the GOP it is set to zero at step S17.

If the new value of VBV_(—)diff is less negative than reduction_(—)limit then at step S12 Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP is changed by the value of VBV_(—)diff. It will be appreciated that the new value of VBV_(—)diff could be positive or negative in this case. If VBV_(—)diff is positive Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP is increased by VBV_(—)diff and if VBV_(—)Diff is negative Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP is reduced by VBV_(—)diff.

At step S13, the reduction_(—)limit is set to: (reduction_(—)limit-VBV_(—)diff)*(next_(—)remain_(—)num_(—)total)/(remain_(—)num_(—)total) where next_(—)remain_(—)num_(—)total and remain_(—)num_(—)total are as defined for step S7. That is reduction_(—)limit is: reduced (i.e. made less negative) as the GOP progresses if VBV_(—)diff is negative because fewer bits are available in the GOP; and (subject to the scaling effect of (next_(—)remain_(—)num_(—)total)/(remain_(—)num_(—)total) increased (i.e. made more negative) if VBV_(—)diff is positive because more bits are available in the GOP.

Reduction_(—)carry is set to zero at step S14 for the same reason as at step S8.

The algorithm then proceeds to the next I or P update at step S9. If at step S18 the end of the transitional GOP as determined by the picture decision rules has not occurred then the procedure returns to step S32 and repeats until the end of the transitional GOP.

At the end of the GOP, step S19 determines whether reduction_(—)carry is more negative than a threshold value reduction_(—)carry_(—)threshold. It will be appreciated that this will occur only if VBV_(—)diff is more negative (after any positive offsetting by the cumulative value carry_(—)over) than reduction_(—)limit.

Reduction_(—)carry less negative than the threshold indicates that VBV_(—)lock can be achieved using stuffing bits as at step S22. The next GOP is then started with reuse of the transcoding parameters to maintain picture quality.

Reduction_(—)carry more negative than the threshold indicates that VBV_(—)lock has not been achieved and a new transitional GOP is started but with reuse of the I frame transcoding parameters and recoding of P and B frames. [Step S20]. For the new transitional GOP the following variables are set to initial values at the start of the GOP:

Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP is set to its normal allocation. The length of the GOP is not determined by the picture decision rules but is determined as the normal length for a GOP. Carry_(—)over is set to zero. Reduction_(—)limit is set to minus (bitrate*remain_(—)num_(—)total*max_(—)red_(—)%)/(frame_(—)rate).

The value of reduction_(—)carry from the previous GOP is carried over to the new GOP.

The procedure of updating Remain_(—)bit GOP of steps S32 and S4 to S18 starts again until the occupancy of the transitional GOP equals that of the bitstream B. Preferably, the new transitional GOP reuses transcoding parameters for its I frames.

In one version, the threshold is set at zero. If reduction_(—)carry is zero, the transitional GOP ends because VBV_(—)lock is deemed to have occurred. If reduction_(—)carry is not zero, full recoding continues in another GOP, which is a normal long GOP but according to the procedure of FIG. 12 until VBV_(—)lock is achieved..

In another version, the threshold is set to a value K %. If reduction_(—)carry is less than K then any difference between the VBVs of the transitional GOP and the bitstream B are small and are made up with stuffing bits. The spare stuffing bits are from the allocation of spare bits provided by reducing the normal allocation for Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP by the factor α at the beginning of the GOP. The threshold K % is of the normal bit allocation for a long GOP. K may be in the range 0% to 8%, preferably about 5%. The maximum_(—)reduction_(—)percentage may be 25%.

The application of the reduction_(—)limit ensures that during the transitional GOP the bit rate does not go below a predetermined minimum rate or equivalently the rate of change of occupancy does not exceed a predetermined maximum rate. Dividing positive changes in Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP over the remainder of the I and P frames in the GOP tends to even out the changes in Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP over the GOP. If VBV_(—)diff is negative, but does not exceed the reduction limit, the limit is progressively reduced as the GOP proceeds. Thus the maximum change allowed reduces preventing disproportionately large changes in Remain_(—)bit GOP at the end of the GOP. The method of FIG. 12 allows the transtion region beginning just before splice and ending at VBV_(—)lock to be varied in length as necessary (as determined by reduction limit) so as to efficiently achieve VBV_(—)lock.

VBV_(—)Lock point

The period over which VBV_(—)lock is predicted to be achieved is one (or more) GOP albeit a GOP the length of which may have been changed by the picture type decision rules. In this example it is about 30 frames.

Referring to FIGS. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, assume lock is achieved at I-frame 52 in display order (FIG. 4). In fact the VBV lock is achieved in the processing order so that it occurs at reordered I frame 50 (FIG. 5). The following B frames 51 and 52 in FIG. 5 are fully recoded frames from prior to VBV_(—)lock and disturb the lock. Thus the spare bits are used at the second B frame 52 to stuff the bitstream to achieve exact lock.

If the factor α is zero, then no spare bits are available so the system attempts to achieve exact lock at the I frame immediately after the end of the transitional GOP. Rate control under or over steers producing usually too many bits. Even if exact lock is achieved, at the I frame, lock is disturbed at the B frames. So, Remain_(—)bit-GOP is reduced by the factor α so rate control oversteers so that spare bits are available at the end of the GOP. The spare bits are used to achieve exact lock at the second B frame.

The I-frame 50 is processed by reusing its parameters derived from the original bitstream B₀. In the system of FIG. 6, after the fully recoded B frames 51 and 52, re-use of parameters resumes. In the system of FIG. 3, the recoding with reuse resumes until the original bitstream is directed directly to the output of the processor bypassing the decoding and re-coding.

Motion Vectors

Motion vectors are regenerated for the transitional GOP. Alternatively motion vectors could be estimated from vectors in neighbouring frames.

Bit growth on frames outside transition region

In the system of FIG. 6, the VBV values of the recoded frames are only approximately the same as their original forms because the number of bits may shrink or grow in the course of decoding and recoding.

The frames outside the transition region are originally encoded as long GOPs, decoded to baseband recoded as I frames, decoded to baseband and recoded as log GOPs. In these processes, the transcoding parameters of the original encoding are re-used to maintain maximum quality. However the DCT and inverse DCT (IDCT) processes are not transparent, i.e. errors occur. In addition, the original baseband is not the same as the decoded I frames due to quantization effects. As a result the number of bits in the frames can shrink or grow. If the shrinkage or growth is large enough the buffers may over-or under-flow. Thus, the frames are monitored.

If excessive shrinkage occurs bit stuffing is used. If excessive growth occurs; frames are recoded. The bit stuffing and recoding is used to maintain occupancy within normal MPEG2 limits. Preferably recoding reuses the transcoding paramters of the I frames to maintain picture quality.

Although illustrative embodiments of the invention have been described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various changes and modifications can be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 

1. A signal processor for splicing a compressed bitstream B₀ to a compressed bitstream A₀, the bitstreams A₀ and B₀ comprising bits representing one or more pictures the signal processor comprising: a decoder for decoding the bitstreams A₀ and B₀; a switch coupled to the decoder for producing a spliced bitstream S, comprising data from bitstream B₀ spliced to data from bitstream A₀ at a splice point; and an encoder for re-encoding the spliced bitstream S to form a re-encoded spliced bitstream C for supply to a downstream decoder having a downstream buffer an occupancy of such a downstream buffer being dependent upon the number of bits with which pictures of the spliced bitstream S are re-encoded by the encoder, wherein the encoder is controlled over a transitional region to allocate a number of bits with which to re-encode a picture of the spliced bitstream S in the transitional region in dependence upon a target downstream buffer occupancy for the bitstream B₀) and a downstream buffer occupancy for the re-encoded spliced bitstream C, so that the downstream buffer occupancy of the downstream buffer varies over the transitional region from the downstream buffer occupancy for bitstream A₀ to the downstream buffer occupancy for bitstream B₀ according to a path in which the rate of change of downstream buffer occupancy is limited to a predetermined maximum rate.
 2. A processor according to claim 1, wherein the occupancy within the transitional region is changed at predetermined intervals.
 3. A processor according to claim 2, wherein the change at each interval is limited to a predetermined maximum amount.
 4. A processor according to claim 1, wherein the compressed bitstreams A₀ and B₀ are compressed video bitstreams.
 5. A processor according to claim 4, wherein the compressed bitstreams A₀ and B₀ are compressed according to MPEG2.
 6. A processor according to claim 1, wherein the switch supplies to the encoder a spliced bitstream S comprising decoded bitstream B₀ spliced to decoded bitstream A₀.
 7. A processor according to claim 6, wherein the bitstreams comprise Groups of Pictures (GOPs) having at least I and P frames, wherein a transitional GOP is, produced by recoding the bitstream B₀ after the splice point to form the re-encoded spliced bitstream C so that the re-encoded spliced bitstream C has a) an I frame at the beginning of the transitional GOP following the splice point, and, in addition to the said I frame, b) at least three P frames.
 8. A processor according to claim 6, wherein the transitional region comprises a portion before the splice point produced by modifying bitstream A₀ to form the re-encoded spliced bitstream C so that a) the last I or P frame before the splice point is converted to a P frame, and b) if the last frame of bitstream A₀ before the splice is a B frame, it is converted to a P frame.
 9. A processor according to claim 6, wherein the transcoding parameters of at least the I frames of the bitstreams A0 and B0 are reused when recoding the corresponding frames of the spliced bitstream S at least outside the transitional region.
 10. A processor according to claim 9, wherein the transcoding parameters of all frames of the bitstreams A0 and B0 are reused when recoding the corresponding frames of the spliced bitstream S outside the transitional region.
 11. A processor according to claim 1, further comprising a re-encoder for re-encoding the decoded bitstreams A₀ and B₀ as bitstreams A_(I) and B_(I), respectively comprising only I frames, the encoder re-encoding the bitstreams A_(I) and B_(I) to form the re-encoded spliced bitstream C.
 12. A processor according to claim 11, wherein the bitstreams comprise Groups of Pictures (GOPs) having at least I and P frames, wherein a transitional GOP is produced by recoding the bitstream B_(I), after the splice point to form the re-encoded spliced bitstream C so that the re-encoded spliced bitstream C has a) an I frame at the beginning of the transitional GOP following the splice point, and, in addition to the said I frame, b) at least three P frames.
 13. A processor according to claim 11, wherein the transitional region comprises a portion before the splice point produced by modifying stream A_(I) to form the re-encoded spliced bitstream C so that referring to the frames of bitstream A₀ corresponding to the frames of bitstream A_(I) a) the last ‘I₀’ or ‘P₀’ frame before the splice point is converted to a P frame, and b) if the last frame of bitstream A₀ before the splice point is a B frame, it is converted to a P frame.
 14. A processor according to claim 11, wherein the transcoding parameters of at least the I frames of the bitstreams A₀ and B₀ are reused when recoding the corresponding frames of the spliced bitstream S at least outside the transitional region.
 15. A processor according to claim 14, wherein the transcoding parameters of all frames of the bitstreams A₀ and B₀ are reused when recoding the corresponding frames of the spliced bitstream S at least outside the transitional region.
 16. A processor according to claim 6, wherein the encoder calculates for a transitional GOP after the splice point a target number of bits Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP for the GOP, and controls the occupancy of the downstream buffer by re-encoded spliced bitstream C within the transitional GOP in dependence upon Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP and limits the rate of change of occupancy of said downstream buffer to the said predetermined maximum rate.
 17. A processor according to claim 16, wherein Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP is recalculated at regular intervals.
 18. A processor according to claim 17, wherein the said regular intervals 5 are every 3 frames, at frames of the transitional GOP corresponding to I frames and/or P frames of the bitstream B₀ after the splice point.
 19. A processor according to claim 18, wherein at the beginning of the transitional GOP, Remain-bit-GOP is calculated as an initial value which is the normal allocation of bits calculated for the transitional GOP.
 20. A processor according to claim 19, wherein at the beginning of the transitional GOP, the normal allocation is reduced by a factor α where α is less than one.
 21. A processor according to claim 19, wherein a value VBV_(—)diff is calculated in respect of the splice point where VBV diff is dependent on the difference between the values of occupancy of re-encoded spliced bitstream C at the splice point and the occupancy of bitstream B₀ at a frame adjacent the splice point.
 22. A processor according to claim 21, wherein subsequently at the said regular intervals the value VBV_(—)diff is dependent on the difference between the occupancy of bitstream B₀ at the current frame of the transitional GOP and the occupancy of bitstream B₀ at the next interval is calculated.
 23. A processor according to claim 21, wherein if VBV diff is positive Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP is incremented at each recalculation thereof by a value carry_(—)over=(VBV_(—)diff)/(number of recalculation intervals remaining in the GOP).
 24. A processor according to claim 23, wherein carry over is added to VBV_(—)diff on each recalculation of VBV_(—)diff.
 25. A processor according to claim 21, wherein if VBV_(—)diff is negative, but is not more negative than a limit value, then Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP is reduced by VBV_(—)diff.
 26. A processor according to claim 25, wherein the limit value is reduced by a value proportional to VBV_(—)diff.
 27. A processor according to claim 26, wherein the limit value is reduced by VBV_(—)diff*R, where R is a predetermined value less than one.
 28. A processor according to claim 27, wherein R is the number of recalculation intervals remaining in the GOP divided by the total number of recalculated intervals in the GOP.
 29. A processor according to claim 24, wherein if VBV_(—)diff is more negative than the limit value, Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP is reduced by the limit value.
 30. A processor according to claim 29, wherein a value reduction_(—)carry equal to the excess of VBV_(—)diff over the limit value is calculated.
 31. A processor according to claim 25, wherein once reduction limit exceeds the limit value, the limit value is set to zero for the remainder of the transitional GOP.
 32. A processor according to claim 28, wherein if the value of reduction_(—)carry at the end of the transitional GOP is greater than a threshold value, then in the following GOP the occupancy of the downstream buffer is controlled in dependence upon Remain_(—)bit_(—)GOP until the value of reduction_(—)carry equals or is less than the threshold value.
 33. A processor according to claim 32, wherein the said threshold is zero.
 34. A processor according to claim 32, wherein the said threshold is K*(normal allocation of bits in a GOP), where 0<K<1.
 35. A processor according to claim 34, wherein 0<K<0.1, preferably 0.01.
 36. A processor according to claim 32, wherein if reduction_(—)carry is less than the threshold but the occupancy of re-encoded spliced bitstream C does not equal that of compressed bitstream B₀, additional bits are added to re-encoded spliced bitstream C to achieve equality.
 37. A signal processor for splicing a compressed bitstream B₀ to a compressed bitstream A₀, each bitstream comprising groups (GOPs) of I and P and/or B frames, the signal processor comprising: a decoder for decoding the bitstreams A₀ and B₀; a switch switching means (S2) coupled to the decoder for producing a spliced bitstream S, comprising data from bitstream B₀ spliced to data from bitstream A₀ at a splice point; and an encoder for re-encoding the spliced bitstream S to form a re-encoded spliced bitstream C for supply to a downstream decoder having a downstream buffer, wherein the encoder is controlled over a transitional region so that the occupancy of the downstream buffer varies over the transitional region from the occupancy of bitstream A₀ to the occupancy of bitstream B₀, the transitional region includes a transitional GOP extending from the splice point and of a length which is an initial prediction of the point in bitstream B₀ at which the occupancy of re-encoded spliced bitstream C equals that of bitstream B₀, and occupancy is changed at regular intervals in the GOP according to a trajectory so as to make the occupancy of re-encoded spliced bitstream C equal to that of bitstream B₀ by the end of the GOP, a limit is applied to a change according to the trajectory which increases occupancy, and the amount by which the change would exceed the limit (if it were not limited) is compared at the end of the GOP with a threshold and, if it exceeds the threshold, the transitional region is extended.
 38. A system according to claim 37, wherein the limit is progressively reduced as the GOP progresses.
 39. A system according to claim 38, wherein the limit is progressively reduced provided it is not exceeded.
 40. A system according to claim 37, wherein a change which reduces occupancy at one of the said intervals is averaged over the remainder of the GOP. 